Richard the Lionheart and other European monarchs retake Acre but not Jerusalem; the Treaty of Jaffa with Saladin ends the campaign.
Saladin destroys the army of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem near Tiberias, causing most Crusader strongholds to fall.
After a short siege, Saladin takes Jerusalem, ending 88 years of Crusader rule and prompting the Third Crusade.
Crusaders capture and sack Constantinople, establishing the Latin Empire and permanently weakening Byzantium.
A coalition of Christian Iberian kingdoms defeats the Almohads, a major turning point of the Reconquista.
King John of England seals Magna Carta at Runnymede, subjecting royal power to the law.
Launched after the fall of Edessa and led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, the crusade ends in failure before Damascus.