In Alexandria, Euclid systematises geometry and number theory in the thirteen books of the Elements, one of the most influential mathematics textbooks ever written.
Approximate date.
Rome and Carthage fight for control of Sicily; Rome wins and gains its first overseas province.
Eratosthenes estimates the Earth's circumference by comparing the angle of the Sun's rays at Syene and Alexandria, with a remarkably close result.
Hannibal crosses the Alps to invade Italy, but Rome ultimately prevails and Carthage loses its status as a great power.
Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal in North Africa, forcing Carthage to sue for peace and ending the Second Punic War.
Ending the Third Punic War, Rome captures and destroys Carthage, making its territory the province of Africa.
After defeat by Octavian, Cleopatra VII takes her own life; the Ptolemaic dynasty ends and Egypt becomes a Roman province.