After defeat by Octavian, Cleopatra VII takes her own life; the Ptolemaic dynasty ends and Egypt becomes a Roman province.
Ending the Third Punic War, Rome captures and destroys Carthage, making its territory the province of Africa.
By the end of Emperor Trajan's reign the Roman Empire stretches from Britain to Mesopotamia.
Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal in North Africa, forcing Carthage to sue for peace and ending the Second Punic War.
Claudius Ptolemy completes the Almagest, setting out a geocentric model of the cosmos that remains the standard work of astronomy for over a millennium.
Hannibal crosses the Alps to invade Italy, but Rome ultimately prevails and Carthage loses its status as a great power.
Eratosthenes estimates the Earth's circumference by comparing the angle of the Sun's rays at Syene and Alexandria, with a remarkably close result.