Claudius Ptolemy completes the Almagest, setting out a geocentric model of the cosmos that remains the standard work of astronomy for over a millennium.
Approximate date.
By the end of Emperor Trajan's reign the Roman Empire stretches from Britain to Mesopotamia.
The Roman Empire nearly collapses under civil wars, invasions, plague and economic crisis until Diocletian's accession.
After defeat by Octavian, Cleopatra VII takes her own life; the Ptolemaic dynasty ends and Egypt becomes a Roman province.
The Nubian Kingdom of Kush, whose capital Meroë was famed for ironworking and pyramids, came to an end around the mid-4th century amid campaigns by Aksum.
The mathematician and philosopher Hypatia is murdered by a mob in Alexandria.
Ending the Third Punic War, Rome captures and destroys Carthage, making its territory the province of Africa.