1821 – 1829★★★★★
Greek War of Independence
Greeks rise against the Ottoman Empire; with intervention by Britain, France and Russia, Greece wins its independence.
WarRevolution· Greece, Turkey
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Events this year
May 5, 1821★★★★★
Death of Napoleon on Saint Helena
Napoleon Bonaparte dies in exile on the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena.
Death· France
September 27, 1821★★★★★
Mexico achieves independence from Spain
The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, ending over a decade of war and three centuries of Spanish rule.
RevolutionPolitics· Mexico, Spain
Ongoing
c. 15th century – c. 1860s★★★★★
The transatlantic slave trade
From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12.5 million enslaved Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas, with profound consequences for both continents.
Economy· Ghana, Nigeria, Benin, Senegal, Angola, Brazil, United States, Portugal, United Kingdom
1639 – 1853★★★★★
Japan's sakoku isolation policy
The shogunate expels the Portuguese and severely restricts foreign contact, allowing only Dutch and Chinese trade at Nagasaki.
PoliticsEconomy· Japan
1799 – 1849★★★★★
Ranjit Singh takes Lahore, founding the Sikh Empire
Ranjit Singh captures Lahore and unites the Sikh confederacies into an empire in the Punjab.
PoliticsDynasty· Pakistan, India