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From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12.5 million enslaved Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas, with profound consequences for both continents.
The shogunate expels the Portuguese and severely restricts foreign contact, allowing only Dutch and Chinese trade at Nagasaki.
Enslaved people in the French colony of Saint-Domingue rise up, beginning the only successful slave revolution in history.
French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte occupy Egypt but are eventually forced out; the expedition sparks European Egyptology.
Ranjit Singh captures Lahore and unites the Sikh confederacies into an empire in the Punjab.