Napoleon's campaign in Egypt and Syria

War

French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte occupy Egypt but are eventually forced out; the expedition sparks European Egyptology.

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1805★★★★★

Muhammad Ali becomes governor of Egypt under nominal Ottoman rule, launching modernising reforms and founding a dynasty that ruled until 1952.

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1822★★★★★

Using the Rosetta Stone, Jean-François Champollion announces his decipherment of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.

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November 3, 1839 – 1876★★★★★

The Edict of Gülhane opens the Tanzimat, a series of reforms modernising Ottoman administration, law and the army.

Politics· Turkey

1739★★★★★

Nader Shah of Persia defeats the Mughals at Karnal and sacks Delhi, carrying off treasures including the Peacock Throne.

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November 17, 1869★★★★★

The Suez Canal linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea opens, greatly shortening the sea route between Europe and Asia.

TechnologyEconomy· Egypt

1905 – 1911★★★★★

A revolutionary movement forces the Qajar shah to accept a constitution and establish Iran's first parliament, the Majlis.

RevolutionPolitics· Iran