c. 1011 – c. 1021★★★★★
Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics
Ibn al-Haytham composes the Book of Optics, explaining vision as light entering the eye and emphasising experimental method.
Science· Egypt
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c. 3rd century – c. 11th century★★★★★
The Ghana Empire in West Africa
The Soninke Ghana Empire (Wagadu) flourished in what is now Mauritania and Mali, growing rich from control of the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade.
DynastyEconomy· Mauritania, Mali