★★★★★
Abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate
The Turkish parliament abolishes the caliphate, ending an institution dating back to the first caliphs of Islam.
PoliticsReligion· Turkey
- 1924
- 1861★★★★★
Emancipation of the serfs in Russia
Tsar Alexander II issues the emancipation manifesto, freeing more than 20 million serfs across the Russian Empire.
PoliticsEconomy· Russia