Amid the Xinhai Revolution, Outer Mongolia declares independence and enthrones the Bogd Khan as its ruler.
A mutiny in Wuchang triggers the Xinhai Revolution, which spreads across the provinces and brings down the Qing dynasty.
The Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty takes effect, making Korea a Japanese colony until 1945.
Sun Yat-sen is inaugurated as provisional president in Nanjing, founding Asia's first republic.
The last Qing emperor abdicates, ending more than two thousand years of imperial rule in China.
Phan Bội Châu organises sending young Vietnamese to study in Japan to prepare for the independence struggle.
Japan defeats the Russian Empire in a war over Manchuria and Korea, the first modern victory of an Asian power over a European one.