Qutb ud-Din Aibak establishes the Delhi Sultanate, which dominates much of northern India for over three centuries.
Muhammad of Ghor defeats Prithviraj Chauhan, opening northern India to Muslim rule.
The Moroccan scholar Ibn Battuta travels across the Islamic world and beyond, from West Africa to China, for nearly three decades.
The brothers Harihara and Bukka found the Vijayanagara Empire in southern India; its capital Hampi becomes one of the world's largest cities.
The fleet of the Chola king Rajendra I raids Srivijayan ports along the Strait of Malacca, weakening the maritime empire.
Timur's army defeats the Delhi Sultanate and devastates the city, gravely weakening the sultanate.
The Chola king Rajaraja I completes the monumental temple to Shiva, a masterpiece of Dravidian architecture.