The Czech church reformer Jan Hus is condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake, sparking the Hussite movement.
Date given in the Julian calendar.
Henry V's English army, largely archers, defeats a larger French army during the Hundred Years' War.
The allied forces of Poland and Lithuania defeat the Teutonic Knights in one of the largest battles of medieval Europe.
French forces joined by Joan of Arc force the English to abandon the siege of Orléans, a turning point of the Hundred Years' War.
Captured and tried by a pro-English church court, Joan of Arc is burned at the stake; she was rehabilitated in 1456 and canonized in 1920.
Returning from exile, the banker Cosimo de' Medici becomes the de facto ruler of Florence; the Medici become major patrons of Renaissance art.
Filippo Brunelleschi's dome for Florence Cathedral is completed, an emblematic engineering feat of the Renaissance.