The allied forces of Poland and Lithuania defeat the Teutonic Knights in one of the largest battles of medieval Europe.
Date given in the Julian calendar.
The Czech church reformer Jan Hus is condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake, sparking the Hussite movement.
Henry V's English army, largely archers, defeats a larger French army during the Hundred Years' War.
French forces joined by Joan of Arc force the English to abandon the siege of Orléans, a turning point of the Hundred Years' War.
Ottoman forces fight a Serbian-led coalition; both Sultan Murad I and Prince Lazar are killed, and the battle becomes central to Serbian national memory.
Captured and tried by a pro-English church court, Joan of Arc is burned at the stake; she was rehabilitated in 1456 and canonized in 1920.
Returning from exile, the banker Cosimo de' Medici becomes the de facto ruler of Florence; the Medici become major patrons of Renaissance art.