Caliph Abd al-Malik completes the Dome of the Rock, one of the oldest surviving works of Islamic architecture.
Approximate date.
Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad, is killed by Umayyad forces at Karbala, an event central to Shia Muslim memory.
Muawiya I establishes the Umayyad dynasty with its capital at Damascus, making the caliphate hereditary.
The last Sasanian king, Yazdegerd III, is killed, completing the Arab Muslim conquest of Persia.
Rashidun forces defeat the Sasanian army in Iraq, opening the way to the capture of the capital Ctesiphon.
Rashidun Muslim forces defeat the Byzantine army, opening the way to the conquest of Syria and the Levant.
A movement rising from Khorasan defeats the Umayyads at the Battle of the Zab, establishing the Abbasid Caliphate.