Year 991

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c. 3rd century – c. 11th century★★★★★

The Soninke Ghana Empire (Wagadu) flourished in what is now Mauritania and Mali, growing rich from control of the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade.

DynastyEconomy· Mauritania, Mali

c. 819 – 999★★★★★

The Persian Samanid dynasty rules Central Asia and Khorasan, making Bukhara and Samarkand cultural and trade centres on the Silk Road.

DynastyCultureEconomy· Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan