c. 15th century – c. 1860s★★★★★
From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12.5 million enslaved Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas, with profound consequences for both continents.
Economy· Ghana, Nigeria, Benin, Senegal, Angola, Brazil, United States, Portugal, United Kingdom
1639 – 1853★★★★★
The shogunate expels the Portuguese and severely restricts foreign contact, allowing only Dutch and Chinese trade at Nagasaki.
PoliticsEconomy· Japan
1799 – 1849★★★★★
Ranjit Singh captures Lahore and unites the Sikh confederacies into an empire in the Punjab.
PoliticsDynasty· Pakistan, India
1821 – 1829★★★★★
Greeks rise against the Ottoman Empire; with intervention by Britain, France and Russia, Greece wins its independence.
WarRevolution· Greece, Turkey
1825 – 1830★★★★★
Prince Diponegoro leads a major uprising against Dutch colonial rule in Central Java; the war ends with his capture.
War· Indonesia, Netherlands