1824★★★★★
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
Britain and the Netherlands divide their spheres in the Malay world, roughly creating today's Malaysia–Indonesia divide.
Treaty· Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, United Kingdom, Netherlands
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Events this year
1824 – 1826★★★★★
First Anglo-Burmese War
Britain defeats Konbaung Burma, which cedes Assam, Manipur, Arakan and Tenasserim under the Treaty of Yandabo.
War· Myanmar, India, United Kingdom
May 7, 1824★★★★★
Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, with its choral finale on the Ode to Joy, premieres in Vienna.
Art· Austria
December 9, 1824★★★★★
Battle of Ayacucho
Independence forces under Antonio José de Sucre defeat the Spanish army in Peru, effectively ending Spanish rule in South America.
WarRevolution· Peru, Spain
Ongoing
c. 15th century – c. 1860s★★★★★
The transatlantic slave trade
From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12.5 million enslaved Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas, with profound consequences for both continents.
Economy· Ghana, Nigeria, Benin, Senegal, Angola, Brazil, United States, Portugal, United Kingdom
1639 – 1853★★★★★
Japan's sakoku isolation policy
The shogunate expels the Portuguese and severely restricts foreign contact, allowing only Dutch and Chinese trade at Nagasaki.
PoliticsEconomy· Japan
1799 – 1849★★★★★
Ranjit Singh takes Lahore, founding the Sikh Empire
Ranjit Singh captures Lahore and unites the Sikh confederacies into an empire in the Punjab.
PoliticsDynasty· Pakistan, India
1821 – 1829★★★★★
Greek War of Independence
Greeks rise against the Ottoman Empire; with intervention by Britain, France and Russia, Greece wins its independence.
WarRevolution· Greece, Turkey