The European powers meet in Vienna to reorder the continent after the Napoleonic Wars, redrawing the map of Europe and establishing a balance of power.
From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12.5 million enslaved Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas, with profound consequences for both continents.
The shogunate expels the Portuguese and severely restricts foreign contact, allowing only Dutch and Chinese trade at Nagasaki.
Ranjit Singh captures Lahore and unites the Sikh confederacies into an empire in the Punjab.
The United States declares war on Britain; fighting in North America and at sea ends with the Treaty of Ghent and no change in borders.