The English Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, declaring Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England and breaking with papal authority.
Nicolaus Copernicus's On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is printed, placing the Sun at the centre and launching the Scientific Revolution.
Andreas Vesalius publishes his illustrated work on human anatomy based on direct dissection, founding modern anatomy.
An ecumenical council of the Catholic Church meets at Trent, reaffirming Catholic doctrine and launching the Counter-Reformation in response to Protestantism.
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) is crowned in Moscow with the title of Tsar, marking the beginning of the Tsardom of Russia.
Suleiman I rules the Ottoman Empire at the height of its territorial, legal and cultural power.
Martin Luther publishes his Ninety-five Theses against indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation.