The anti-foreign Boxer movement besieges Beijing's legation quarter; an Eight-Nation Alliance intervenes and occupies Beijing in 1900.
The Guangxu Emperor and Kang Youwei launch sweeping reforms, which Empress Dowager Cixi halts after about 100 days.
The Qing cede Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan and recognise Korean independence.
Peasants inspired by the Donghak religion revolt against corruption and foreign influence; Qing and Japanese intervention leads to the Sino-Japanese War.
Japan defeats Qing China in a war over influence in Korea, establishing itself as a rising Asian power.
Japan defeats the Russian Empire in a war over Manchuria and Korea, the first modern victory of an Asian power over a European one.
Phan Bội Châu organises sending young Vietnamese to study in Japan to prepare for the independence struggle.